Parallel Germline Infiltration of a Lentivirus in Two Malagasy Lemurs 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Parallel Germline Infiltration of a Lentivirus in Two Malagasy Lemurs 英文参考文献.doc

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Parallel Germline Infiltration of a Lentivirus in Two Malagasy Lemurs 英文参考文献

ParallelGermlineInfiltrationofaLentivirusinTwo MalagasyLemurs Cle′mentGilbert1,DavidG.Maxfield1,StevenM.Goodman2,3,Ce′dricFeschotte1* 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasatArlington,Arlington,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofZoology,FieldMuseumofNaturalHistory,Chicago, Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3Vahatra,BP3972,Antananarivo,Madagascar Abstract Retroviruses normally infect the somatic cells of their host and are transmitted horizontally, i.e., in an exogenous way. Occasionally,however,someretrovirusescanalsoinfectandintegrateintothegenomeofgermcells,whichmayallowfor their vertical inheritance and fixation in a given species; a process known as endogenization. Lentiviruses, a group of mammalian retroviruses that includesHIV, are knowntoinfect primates, ruminants, horses, and cats. Unlikemany other retroviruses,theseviruseshavenotbeendemonstrablysuccessfulatgermlineinfiltration.Here,wereportonthediscovery of endogenous lentiviral insertions in seven species of Malagasy lemurs from two different genera—Cheirogaleus and Microcebus.Combiningmolecularclockanalysesandcross-speciesscreeningoforthologousinsertions,weshowthatthe presenceofthisendogenouslentivirusinsixspeciesofMicrocebusistheresultofoneendogenizationeventthatoccurred about 4.2 million years ago. In addition, we demonstrate that this lentivirus independently infiltrated the germline of Cheirogaleus and that the two endogenization events occurred quasi-simultaneously. Using multiple proviral copies, we deriveandcharacterizeanapparentlyfulllengthandintactconsensusforthislentivirus.Theseresultsprovideevidencethat lentiviruses have repeatedly infiltrated the germline of prosimian species and that primates have been exposed to lentivirusesforamuchlongertimethanwhatcanbeinferredbasedonsequencecomparisonofcirculatinglentiviruses.The studysetsthestageforanunprecedentedopportunitytoreconstructanancestralprimatelentivirusandtherebyadvance ourknowledgeofhost–virusinteractions. Citation: Gilbert C, Maxfield