Passerine Birds Breeding under Chronic Noise Experience Reduced Fitness 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Passerine Birds Breeding under Chronic Noise Experience Reduced Fitness 英文参考文献.doc

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Passerine Birds Breeding under Chronic Noise Experience Reduced Fitness 英文参考文献

PasserineBirdsBreedingunderChronicNoiseExperience ReducedFitness JuliaSchroeder1*,ShinichiNakagawa1,2,3,IanR.Cleasby1,TerryBurke1 1DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom,2DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOtago,Dunedin,NewZealand, 3EvolutionaryGenetics,MaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithology,Seewiesen,Germany Abstract Background: Fitnessinbirdshasbeenshowntobenegativelyassociatedwithanthropogenicnoise,buttheunderlying mechanismsremainobscure.Itishowevercrucialtounderstandthemechanismsofhowurbannoiseimpingesonfitnessto obtainabetterunderstandingoftheroleofchronicnoiseinurbanecology.Here,weexaminethreehypothesesonhow noisemightreducereproductiveoutputinpasserinebirds:(H1)byimpairingmatechoice,(H2)byreducingterritoryquality and(H3)byimpedingchickdevelopment. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Weusedlong-termdatafromanislandpopulationofhousesparrows,Passerdomesticus, in which we can precisely estimate fitness. We found that nests in an area affected by the noise from large generators producedfeweryoung,oflowerbodymass,andfewerrecruits,evenwhenwecorrectedstatisticallyforparentalgenetic quality using across-fostering set-up, supporting H3. Also, individual females provided their young with food less often whentheybredinthenoisyareacomparedtobreedingattemptsbythesamefemaleselsewhere.Furthermore,weshow thatfemalesreactedflexiblytoincreasednoiselevelsbyadjustingtheirprovisioningrateintheshortterm,whichsuggests thatnoisemaybeacausalfactorthatreducesreproductiveoutput.WerejectedH1andH2becausenestboxoccupancy, parentalbodymass,ageandreproductiveinvestmentdidnotdiffersignificantlybetweennoisyandquietareas. Conclusions/Significance: Ourresultssuggestapreviouslyundescribedmechanismtoexplainhowenvironmental noise canreducefitnessinpasserinebirds:byacousticallymaskingparent–offspringcommunication.Moreimportantly,usinga cross-fostering set-up, our results demonstrate that birds breeding in a noisy environment experience significant fitness costs. Ch