Pervasive Growth Reduction in Norway Spruce Forests following Wind Disturbance 英文参考文献.docVIP

PervasiveGrowthReductioninNorwaySpruceForests followingWindDisturbance RupertSeidl1,2,KristinaBlennow1* 1FacultyofLandscapePlanning,HorticultureandAgriculturalScience,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Alnarp,Sweden,2InstituteofSilviculture,Universityof NaturalResourcesandLifeSciences(BOKU),Vienna,Austria Abstract Background: In recent decades the frequency and severity of natural disturbances by e.g., strong winds and insect outbreakshasincreasedconsiderablyinmanyforestecosystemsaroundtheworld.Futureclimatechangeisexpectedto furtherintensifydisturbanceregimes,whichmakesaddressingdisturbancesinecosystemmanagementatoppriority.Asa prerequisiteabroaderunderstandingofdisturbanceimpactsandecosystemresponsesisneeded.Withregardtotheeffects of strong winds – the most detrimental disturbance agent in Europe – monitoring and management has focused on structuraldamage,i.e.,treemortalityfromuprootingandstembreakage.Effectsonthefunctioningoftreessurvivingthe storm(e.g.,theirproductivityandallocation)havebeenrarelyaccountedfortodate. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that growth reduction was significant and pervasive in a 6.79?million hectareforestlandscapeinsouthernSwedenfollowingthestormGudrun(January2005).Wind-relatedgrowthreductionin Norwayspruce(Piceaabies(L.)Karst.)forestssurvivingthestormexceeded10%intheworsthitregions,andwasclosely relatedtomaximumgustwindspeed(R2=0.849)andstructuralwinddamage(R2=0.782).Atthelandscapescale,wind- related growth reduction amounted to 3.0 million m3 in the three years following Gudrun. It thus exceeds secondary damagefrombarkbeetlesafterGudrunaswellasthelong-termaveragestormdamagefromuprootingandstembreakage inSweden. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that the impact of strong winds on forest ecosystems is not limited to the immediately visible area of structural damage, and call for a broader consideration of disturbance effects on ecosystem structureandfunctioninginthecontextofforestmanagementandclimatechangemitigati