Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms 英文参考文献.doc

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Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms 英文参考文献

PopulationBottlenecksPromoteCooperationinBacterial Biofilms MichaelA.Brockhurst* SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,UnitedKingdom Populationbottlenecksareassumedtoplayakeyroleinthemaintenanceofsocialtraitsinmicrobes.Ecologicalparameters such as colonisation or disturbances can favour cooperation through causing population bottlenecks that enhance genetic structuring (relatedness). However, the size of the population bottleneck is likely to play a crucial role in determining the success of cooperation. Relatedness is likely to increase with decreasing bottleneck size thus favouring the evolution of cooperation. I used an experimental evolution approach to test this prediction with biofilm formation by the bacterium Pseudomonasfluorescensasthecooperativetrait.Replicatepopulationswereexposedtodisturbanceeventseveryfourdays underoneofsixpopulationbottlenecktreatments(from103to108bacterialcells).Inlinewithpredictions,thefrequencyof evolved cheats within the populations increased with increasing bottleneck size. This result highlights the importance of ecologicallymediatedpopulationbottlenecksinthemaintenanceofsocialtraitsinmicrobes. Citation: Brockhurst MA (2007) Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms. PLoS ONE 2(7): e634. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0000634 INTRODUCTION biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens [20,22]. When propa- gated in spatially heterogeneous environments (a static glass microcosmcontainingnutrient-richmedium[22]),populationsof theancestralsmooth(SM)P.fluorescensgenotyperapidlydiversify, generatingarangeofnichespecialistgenotypesbymutationthat are maintained by negative frequency dependent selection [22]. The wrinkly-spreader (WS) morph is ecologically dominant [23,24], forming a biofilm at the air-broth interface through constitutiveoverproductionofcellulosicpolymer[25].Whileover- expression of cellulosic polymer is individually costly (as demon- stratedbythereducedexponentialgrowthrateofWSr