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Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms 英文参考文献
PopulationBottlenecksPromoteCooperationinBacterial
Biofilms
MichaelA.Brockhurst*
SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,UnitedKingdom
Populationbottlenecksareassumedtoplayakeyroleinthemaintenanceofsocialtraitsinmicrobes.Ecologicalparameters
such as colonisation or disturbances can favour cooperation through causing population bottlenecks that enhance genetic
structuring (relatedness). However, the size of the population bottleneck is likely to play a crucial role in determining the
success of cooperation. Relatedness is likely to increase with decreasing bottleneck size thus favouring the evolution of
cooperation. I used an experimental evolution approach to test this prediction with biofilm formation by the bacterium
Pseudomonasfluorescensasthecooperativetrait.Replicatepopulationswereexposedtodisturbanceeventseveryfourdays
underoneofsixpopulationbottlenecktreatments(from103to108bacterialcells).Inlinewithpredictions,thefrequencyof
evolved cheats within the populations increased with increasing bottleneck size. This result highlights the importance of
ecologicallymediatedpopulationbottlenecksinthemaintenanceofsocialtraitsinmicrobes.
Citation: Brockhurst MA (2007) Population Bottlenecks Promote Cooperation in Bacterial Biofilms. PLoS ONE 2(7): e634. doi:10.1371/
journal.pone.0000634
INTRODUCTION
biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens [20,22]. When propa-
gated in spatially heterogeneous environments (a static glass
microcosmcontainingnutrient-richmedium[22]),populationsof
theancestralsmooth(SM)P.fluorescensgenotyperapidlydiversify,
generatingarangeofnichespecialistgenotypesbymutationthat
are maintained by negative frequency dependent selection [22].
The wrinkly-spreader (WS) morph is ecologically dominant
[23,24], forming a biofilm at the air-broth interface through
constitutiveoverproductionofcellulosicpolymer[25].Whileover-
expression of cellulosic polymer is individually costly (as demon-
stratedbythereducedexponentialgrowthrateofWSr
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