Population Genetic Analyses Reveal the African Origin and Strain Variation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii 英文参考文献.docVIP
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Population Genetic Analyses Reveal the African Origin and Strain Variation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii 英文参考文献
Pearls
PopulationGeneticAnalysesRevealtheAfricanOrigin
andStrainVariationofCryptococcusneoformansvar.
grubii
AnastasiaP.Litvintseva*,ThomasG.Mitchell
DepartmentofMolecularGeneticsandMicrobiology,DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous, saprobic yeast and the
causeoflife-threateninginfections.Humansacquiretheinfection
by inhaling airborne cells from the environment. In the lungs,
thesecellsbecomeencapsulated yeastsandproliferate.Inpeople
with healthy immune responses, the infection may resolve or
remain latent and subsequently cause disease. However, in
immunocompromised people, such as HIV/AIDS patients, and
lessofteninhealthyhosts,theyeastscandisseminatetoalmostany
part of the body; however, they are neurotropic, and meningo-
encephalitisisthemostfrequentanddeadliestclinicalmanifesta-
tion [1–3]. An estimated 1 million new infections are acquired
each year, and the majority of these cases occur in sub-Saharan
Africa, which has the highest prevalence of patients with HIV/
AIDS[4].Inthisregion,C.neoformansisthemostcommoncauseof
meningitis, and mortality hovers around 50%. Others who
succumb to cryptococcosis are apparently immunocompetent
and exhibit no evidence of underlying disease. For example,
71%ofcryptococcalinfectionsinChinaoccurinpeoplewithout
pre-existingconditions[5].
clinicalandenvironmentalsamples(designated‘‘A5’’intheoriginal
paper)[10].Incomparison,fivegenotypeswerefoundinEurope,
andninegenotypesamongisolatesfromcentralandeasternAfrica,
butonlytwodifferentMLSTgenotypesweredetectedfromSouth
American and Australian isolates, although these were small
samples [13]. More recently, we found that M5 was the most
prevalent genotype among isolates from patients with recurrent
cryptococcosisinSouthAfrica(unpublisheddata),eventhough,as
describedbelow,thisregionhasthehighestoverallgeneticdiversity.
SouthernAfricanIsolatesofCngAreHighly
Diverse
Unlike the rest of the world, southern Africa
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