Predicting Visibility of Aircraft 英文参考文献.docVIP

PredictingVisibilityofAircraft AndrewWatson*,CesarV.Ramirez,EllenSalud NASAAmesResearchCenter,MoffettField,Virginia,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Visualdetectionofaircraftbyhumanobserversisanimportantelementofaviationsafety.Toassessandensuresafety,it wouldbeusefultobeabletobeabletopredictthevisibility,toahumanobserver,ofanaircraftofspecifiedsize,shape, distance, and coloration. Examples include assuring safe separation among aircraft and between aircraft and unmanned vehicles,designofairportcontroltowers,andeffortstoenhanceorsuppressthevisibilityofmilitaryandrescuevehicles.We haverecentlydevelopedasimplemetricofpatternvisibility,theSpatialStandardObserver(SSO).Inthisreportweexamine whether the SSO can predict visibility of simulated aircraft images. We constructed a set of aircraft images from three- dimensionalcomputergraphicmodels,andmeasuredtheluminancecontrastthresholdforeachimagefromthreehuman observers. The data werewell predicted by the SSO. Finally, weshow how to usethe SSO to predict visibility rangefor aircraftofarbitrarysize,shape,distance,andcoloration. Citation:WatsonA,RamirezCV,SaludE(2009)PredictingVisibilityofAircraft.PLoSONE4(5):e5594.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005594 Editor:AlexO.Holcombe,UniversityofSydney,Australia ReceivedJanuary15,2009;AcceptedApril17,2009;PublishedMay20,2009 Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsPublicDomaindeclarationwhichstipulatesthat,onceplacedinthepublic domain,thisworkmaybefreelyreproduced,distributed,transmitted,modified,builtupon,orotherwiseusedbyanyoneforanylawfulpurpose. Funding:ThisresearchwassupportedbyNASAGrants21-131-50-20-04and21-131-50-10-08(/)andbyNASA/FAAInteragencyAgreement DTFAWA-08-X-80023 (/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. CompetingInterests:NASAhasappliedforapatentfortechnologyrelatedtotheSpatialStandardObserver.ABWisnamedastheinventorofthistechnology. *E-mail:Andrew.b.watson@