Predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine back to the future 英文参考文献.docVIP

Auray et al. Genome Medicine 2010,2:57 /content/2/8/57 EDITO RIAL Predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine: back to the future Charles Auray *, Dominique Charron and Leroy Hood 1 2 3 identities of individuals. e major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in which the genes encoding the HLA antigens are located, turned out to be a high gene density, high diversity and low recombination genetic system that has evolved to become a master coordinator of individual speci?city in both innate and cognate immunity [2]. e highly polymorphic nature of the HLA antigens, initially detected through serological and cellular assays with the active participation of blood and organ transplantation donors, was exploited early on to analyze the genetics and migration history of human populations. Under- standing the susceptibility or resistance to diseases and infections thus laid an early cornerstone for the creation of predictive medicine through personalized disease prevention. Abstract The pioneering work of Jean Dausset on the HLA system established several principles that were later reected in the Human Genome Project and contributed to the foundations of predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory (P4) medicine. To eectively develop systems medicine, we should take advantage of the lessons of the HLA saga, emphasizing the importance of exploring a fascinating but mysterious biology, now using systems principles, pioneering new technology developments and creating shared biological and information resources. HLA and the Human Genome Project ese contributions expanded in scope and depth with Shortly before he passed away last year, the late Jean the biochemical and functional characterization of the Dausset said he wanted to be remembered for four