Problems Encountered in Fluctuating Flame Temperature Measurements by Thermocouple 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2008, 8, 7882-7893; DOI: 10.3390/s8127882 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Problems Encountered in Fluctuating Flame Temperature Measurements by Thermocouple Nadir Yilmaz 1,*, Walt Gill 2, A. Burl Donaldson 2 and Ralph E. Lucero 3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA 2 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA; E-Mails: wgill@; bdonald@ 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA; E-Mail: rallucer@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: yilmaznadir@; Tel.: +1-575-835-5304; Fax: +1-575-835-5209 Received: 10 October 2008; in revised form: 20 November 2008 / Accepted: 3 December 2008 / Published: 4 December 2008 Abstract: Some thermocouple experiments were carried out in order to obtain sensitivity of thermocouple readings to fluctuations in flames and to determine if the average thermocouple reading was representative of the local volume temperature for fluctuating flames. The thermocouples considered were an exposed junction thermocouple and a fully sheathed thermocouple with comparable time constants. Either the voltage signal or indicated temperature for each test was recorded at sampling rates between 300-4,096 Hz. The trace was then plotted with respect to time or sample number so that time variation in voltage or temperature could be visualized and the average indicated temperature could be determined. For experiments where high sampling rates were used, the signal was analyzed using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) to determine the frequencies present in the thermocouple signal. This provided a basic observable as to whether or not the probe was able to follow flame oscillations. To enhance oscillations, for some experiments, the flame was forced. An analysis based on t