Properties and Distribution of Pure GA-Sequences of Mammalian Genomes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Properties and Distribution of Pure GA-Sequences of Mammalian Genomes 英文参考文献.doc

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Properties and Distribution of Pure GA-Sequences of Mammalian Genomes 英文参考文献

PropertiesandDistributionofPureGA-Sequencesof MammalianGenomes GuenterAlbrecht-Buehler* DepartmentofCellandMolecularBiology,FeinbergSchoolofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity,Chicago,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract ThearticledescribesDNAsequencesofmammaliangenomesthatarelongerthan50bases,butconsistexclusivelyofG’s and A’s (‘pure GA-sequences’). Although their frequency of incidence should be 10216 or smaller, the chromosomes of human,chimpanzee,dog,cat,rat,andmousecontainedmanytensofthousandsofthemubiquitouslylocatedalongthe chromosomeswithaspecies-dependentdensity,reachingsizesofupto1300[b].Withtheexceptionofasmallnumberof poly-A-, poly-G-, poly-GA-, and poly-GAAA-sequences (combined ,0.5%), all pure GA-sequences of the mammals tested were unique individuals, contained several repeated short GA-containing motifs, and shared acommon hexa-nucleotide spectrum.Atmost2%ofthehumanGA-sequencesweretranscribedintomRNAs;allotherswerenotcodingforproteins. Althoughthiscouldhavemadethemlesssubjecttonaturalselection,theycontained160timesfewerpointmutationsthan oneshouldexpectfromthegenomeatlarge.Astothepresenceofothersequenceswithsimilarlyrestrictedbasecontents, there were approximately as many pure TC-sequences as pure GA-sequences, but many fewer pure AC-, TA, and TG- sequences.TherewerepracticallynopureGC-sequences.ThefunctionsofpureGA-sequencesarenotknown.Supportedby anumberofobservationsrelatedtoheatshockphenomena,thearticlespeculatesthattheyserveasgenomicsignposts which may help guide polymerases and transcription factors to their proper targets, and/or as spatial linkers that help generatethe3-dimensionalorganizationofchromatin. Citation: Albrecht-Buehler G (2008) Properties and Distribution of Pure GA-Sequences of Mammalian Genomes. PLoS ONE 3(11): e3818. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0003818 Editor:CecileFairhead,PasteurInstitute,France ReceivedOctober15,2008;AcceptedNovember6,2008;PublishedNovember27,2008 Copyright:?2008Albrecht-Buehler.Thisisanopen-accessarticledis