Protecting against Pneumococcal Disease Critical Interactions between Probiotics and the Airway Microbiome 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Protecting against Pneumococcal Disease Critical Interactions between Probiotics and the Airway Microbiome 英文参考文献.doc

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Protecting against Pneumococcal Disease Critical Interactions between Probiotics and the Airway Microbiome 英文参考文献

Opinion ProtectingagainstPneumococcalDisease:Critical InteractionsbetweenProbioticsandtheAirway Microbiome PaulV.Licciardi1,2*,ZhengQuanToh1,EileenDunne1,Sook-SanWong1,EdwardK.Mulholland1,3,4, MimiTang2,5,6,RoyM.Robins-Browne7,8,CatherineSatzke1,7,8 1Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Childrens ResearchInstitute, Royal Children’s Hospital,Melbourne, Australia, 2AllergyandImmuneDisorders, Murdoch Childrens ResearchInstitute,RoyalChildren’s Hospital,Melbourne,Australia, 3LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,London,UnitedKingdom,4MenziesSchoolof HealthResearch,Darwin,Australia,5AllergyandImmunology,RoyalChildren’sHospital,Melbourne,Australia,6DepartmentofPaediatrics,TheUniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 7Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 8Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, MurdochChildrensResearchInstitute,RoyalChildren’sHospital,Melbourne,Australia Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococ- cus)isapredominantcauseofpneumonia, meningitis,andbacteremia.Itisaleading killer of children under 5 years of age, responsible for the deaths of up to 2 millionchildrenannually[1].Mostdeaths occur in African and Asian developing countries;however,pneumococcaldisease is also a significant problem in particular populations of developed countries, such as the North American Indians, and indigenous Alaskans and Australians [1– 3].Althoughvaccinationisthemostcost- effective method of protection against pneumococcal disease, cost remains a barrier, as does vaccine delivery and efficacy. In this opinion piece, we discuss the potential complementary role of pro- bioticstovaccinesinpreventingpneumo- coccal disease through targeting the mi- crobiomeoftheupperrespiratorytract. Aprerequisiteforpneumococcaldisease is adherence of the bacterium to host AfricaandAsia[6].Pneumococcalconju- gate vaccines are also too expensive for resource-poor countries that experience theoverwhelmingburdenofdiseaseglob- niches for colo