Protection against Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Damage 英文参考文献.docVIP

Perspectives Protection against Prenatal Alcohol-Induced Damage Catherine Y. Spong F etal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common, nongenetic cause of mental retardation, and has a signi?cant national health impact [1]. Meeting the criteria for this condition requires the identi?cation of speci?c features, involving craniofacial dysmorphology (particularly midfacial anomalies), growth retardation, Box 1. Warning Labels on Alcohol deprivation) was evaluated using Western Blot in forebrain tissue. Blood and brain samples were tested at speci?c time points to quantify ethanol levels. To assess for neurodegeneration, Fluoro-Jade-B staining was performed histologically on perfused and sectioned brain slices. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate for alcohol- induced impairments. After weaning, offspring were tested using the open ?eld maze to assess spontaneous motor activity, the elevated plus maze to evaluate anxiety and activity, and the fear conditioning test to assess hippocampal learning and memory. In their study, the authors evaluated the role of nicotinamide during ethanol exposure, focusing on the etiology of alcohol-induced microcephaly. Their work builds upon the known role of caspase-3 activation in the forebrain, which triggers apoptotic neuronal death after ethanol exposure. The authors report that nicotinamide administration reduced the activation of caspase-3 The Omnibus Drug Initiative Act of 1988 enacted by the US Congress required that all containers of alcoholic beverages produced for domestic consumption carry the following warning labels, effective November 19, 1989: “l. According to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. 2. Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems.” and de?cits in brain function. Most children with alcohol-induced prenatal de?cits do not have this full syndrome,