Quantitative Social Dialectology Explaining Linguistic Variation Geographically and Socially 英文参考文献.docVIP

QuantitativeSocialDialectology:ExplainingLinguistic VariationGeographicallyandSocially MartijnWieling1*,JohnNerbonne1,R.HaraldBaayen2 1DepartmentofHumanitiesComputing,UniversityofGroningen,Groningen,TheNetherlands,2DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada Abstract In this study we examine linguistic variation and its dependence on both social and geographic factors. We follow dialectometry in applying a quantitative methodology and focusing on dialect distances, and social dialectology in the choice of factors we examine in building a model to predict word pronunciation distances from the standard Dutch languageto424Dutchdialects.Wecombinelinearmixed-effectsregressionmodelingwithgeneralizedadditivemodeling topredictthepronunciationdistanceof559words.Althoughgeographicalpositionisthedominantpredictor,severalother factors emerged as significant. The model predicts a greater distance from the standard for smaller communities, for communitieswithahigheraverageage,fornouns(ascontrastedwithverbsandadjectives),formorefrequentwords,and forwordswithrelativelymanyvowels.Theimpactofthedemographicvariables,however,variedfromwordtoword.Fora majority of words, larger, richer and younger communities are moving towards the standard. For a smaller minority of words,larger,richerandyoungercommunitiesemergeasdrivingachangeawayfromthestandard.Similarly,thestrength oftheeffectsofwordfrequencyandwordcategoryvariedgeographically.TheperipheralareasoftheNetherlandsshowed agreaterdistancefromthestandardfornouns(asopposedtoverbsandadjectives)aswellasforhigh-frequencywords, comparedtothemorecentralareas.Ourfindingsindicatethatchangesinpronunciationhavebeenspreading(inparticular for low-frequency words) from the Hollandic center of economic power to the peripheral areas of the country, meeting resistancethatisstrongerwherever,forwell-documentedhistoricalreasons,thepoliticalinfluenceofHollandwasreduced. Our results are also consistent with the theory of lexical diffusion, in