Rape with Extreme Violence The New Pathology in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo 英文参考文献.docVIP

HealthinAction RapewithExtremeViolence:TheNewPathologyin SouthKivu,DemocraticRepublicofCongo DenisMukengereMukwege1,CathyNangini2,3* 1GeneralReferenceHospitalofPanzi,Bukavu,SouthKivu,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,2SocialAidFortheEliminationofRape(SAFER),Toronto,Ontario,Canada, 3BrainResearchUnit,LowTemperatureLaboratory,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Helsinki,Finland Introduction SummaryPoints On any given night in eastern DRC, armedgroupsofmenwilloverrunavillage and divide into bands of three to five, forcingthemselvesintohouseswherethey seize and seriallyrape women and young girls. Some mutilate female genitals with guns, pieces of glass, wood, or heated plastic. Some take their victims to the forest and torture them as sex slaves for days,months,oryears. N In eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the destructive and sadistic behaviour systematically perpetrated by different armed groups over the last ten years signals a new pathology we classify as rape with extreme violence (REV). N REV is devastating to populations and can permanently damage women’s reproductivecapacity. N ThePanziHospitalinBukavu,SouthKivuisoneofthefewestablishedmedical centresthathasthecapacitytotreatREVcases. N CurrentgapsintheprovisionofcareforREVsurvivorsincludealackofhealth care infrastructure, insufficient number of qualified psychotherapists, and challengesassociatedwithsocioeconomicreintegration. As Stephen Lewis, the former UN special envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa has said ([1, p. 32]), ‘‘the capacity for brutalitybysomanyperpetrators–andon the flip side, the capacity for indifference bysomanywitnesses–istheuglyapexof atrendgoneunchecked.’’ This ugly apex has characterized the sexual violence landscape throughout his- tory, across cultures, during times of conflict, and behind closed doors. It is in wartime, however, that rape becomes a coordinated,deliberate,enmasseweapon of terror. Systematic rape is now under- stood as the defining tactic of modern conflicts[2].Themassrapeofhu