Rich Pickings Near Large Communal Roosts Favor ‘Gang’ Foraging by Juvenile Common Ravens, Corvus corax 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rich Pickings Near Large Communal Roosts Favor ‘Gang’ Foraging by Juvenile Common Ravens, Corvus corax 英文参考文献.doc

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Rich Pickings Near Large Communal Roosts Favor ‘Gang’ Foraging by Juvenile Common Ravens, Corvus corax 英文参考文献

RichPickingsNearLargeCommunalRoostsFavor‘Gang’ ForagingbyJuvenileCommonRavens,Corvuscorax SashaR.X.Dall*,JonathanWright* CentreforEcologyConservation,UniversityofExeter,CornwallCampus,Penryn,Cornwall,UnitedKingdom Abstract Ravens (Corvus corax) feed primarily on rich but ephemeral carcasses of large animals, which are usually defended by territorial pairs of adults. Non-breeding juveniles forage socially and aggregate in communal winter roosts, and these appear to function as ‘information centers’ regarding the location of the rare food bonanzas: individuals search independentlyofoneanotherandpooltheireffortbyrecruitingeachotheratroosts.However,atalargeravenroostin Newborough on Anglesey, North Wales, some juveniles have been observed recently to forage in ‘gangs’ and to roost separatelyfromotherbirds.Hereweadaptageneralmodelofjuvenilecommonravenforagingbehaviorwhere,inaddition tothetypicalco-operativeforagingstrategy,suchgangforagingbehaviorcouldbeevolutionarilystablenearwinterraven roosts.Werefocusthemodelontheconditionsunderwhichthisnewlydocumented,yettheoreticallyanticipated,gang- basedforaginghasbeenobserved.Intheprocess,weshowformallyhowthetradeoffbetweensearchefficiencyandsocial opportunitycanaccountfortheexistenceofthealternativesocialforagingtacticsthathavebeenobservedinthisspecies. This work serves to highlight a number of fruitful avenues for future research, both from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Citation:DallSRX,WrightJ(2009)RichPickingsNearLargeCommunalRoostsFavor‘Gang’ForagingbyJuvenileCommonRavens,Corvuscorax.PLoSONE4(2): e4530.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004530 Editor:FrederickR.Adler,UniversityofUtah,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedAugust21,2008;AcceptedDecember2,2008;PublishedFebruary25,2009 Copyright:?2009Dalletal.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricted use,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:Thisworkwasun