Sampling strategies to measure the prevalence of common recurrent infections in longitudinal studies 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Sampling strategies to measure the prevalence of common recurrent infections in longitudinal studies 英文参考文献.doc

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Sampling strategies to measure the prevalence of common recurrent infections in longitudinal studies 英文参考文献

Schmidtetal.EmergingThemesinEpidemiology2010,7:5 /content/7/1/5 EMERGING THEMES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY METHODOLOGY OpenAccess Samplingstrategiestomeasuretheprevalenceof commonrecurrentinfectionsinlongitudinal studies Wolf-PeterSchmidt1*,BerndGenser2,MauricioLBarreto2,ThomasClasen1,StephenPLuby3,SandyCairncross1, ZaidChalabi4 Abstract Background:Measuringrecurrentinfectionssuchasdiarrhoeaorrespiratoryinfectionsinepidemiologicalstudies isamethodologicalchallenge.Problemsinmeasuringtheincidenceofrecurrentinfectionsincludetheepisode definition,recallerror,andthelogisticsofclosefollowup.Longitudinalprevalence(LP),theproportion-of-time-ill estimatedbyrepeatedprevalencemeasurements,isanalternativemeasuretoincidenceofrecurrentinfections.In contrasttoincidencewhichusuallyrequirescontinuoussampling,LPcanbemeasuredatintervals.Thisstudy exploredhowmanymoreparticipantsareneededforinfrequentsamplingtoachievethesamestudypoweras frequentsampling. Methods:Wedevelopedasetoffourempiricalsimulationmodelsrepresentinglowandhighrisksettingswith shortorlongepisodedurations.Themodelwasusedtoevaluatedifferentsamplingstrategieswithdifferent assumptionsonrecallperiodandrecallerror. Results:Themodelidentifiedthreemajorfactorsthatinfluencesamplingstrategies:(1)theclusteringofepisodes inindividuals;(2)thedurationofepisodes;(3)thepositivecorrelationbetweenanindividual’sdiseaseincidence andepisodeduration.Intermittentsampling(e.g.12timesperyear)oftenrequiresonlyaslightlylargersamplesize comparedtocontinuoussampling,especiallyincluster-randomizedtrials.Thecollectionofperiodprevalencedata canleadtohighlybiasedeffectestimatesiftheexposurevariableisassociatedwithepisodeduration.Tomaximize studypower,recallperiodsof3to7daysmaybepreferableovershorterperiods,evenifthisleadstoinaccuracy intheprevalenceestimates. Conclusion:Choosingtheoptimalapproachtomeasurerecurrentinfectionsinepidemiologicalstudiesdepends onthesetting,thestudyobjectives,studydesignandbudgetconstraints.Samplingatintervalscancontributeto making