Sanitation and Health 英文参考文献.docVIP

PolicyForum SanitationandHealth DuncanMara1,JonLane2,BethScott3,DavidTrouba2* 1SchoolofCivilEngineering,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UnitedKingdom,2WaterSupplyandSanitationCollaborativeCouncil,Geneva,Switzerland,3Departmentof InfectiousandTropicalDiseases,LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,London,UnitedKingdom This is one article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation. Chadwick’sseminal‘‘Reportonaninqui- ry into the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain’’ [5]. A less scientifically rigorous but nonetheless professionally significant indi- cator of the impact on health of poor sanitation was provided in 2007, when readers of the BMJ (British Medical Journal) voted sanitation the most impor- tantmedicalmilestonesince1840[6]. The diseases associated with poor san- itation are particularly correlated with poverty and infancy and alone account for about 10% of the global burden of disease[7].Atanygiventimeclosetohalf of the urban populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America have a disease associ- ated with poor sanitation, hygiene, and water[8]. countries [11,12]. In 2008, for example, diarrhoea was the leading cause of death among children under 5 years in sub- Saharan Africa, resulting in 19% of all deathsinthisagegroup[13]. IntroductionandDefinitions Systematic reviews suggest that im- proved sanitation can reduce rates of diarrhoeal diseases by 32%–37% [14– 16]. While many of the studies included in those reviews could not rigorously disaggregate the specific effects of sanita- tionfromtheoveralleffectsofwiderwater, sanitation, and hygiene interventions, a longitudinal cohort study in Salvador, Brazil,foundthatanincreaseinsewerage coverage from 26% to 80% of the target populationresultedina22%reductionof diarrhoea prevalence in children under 3 years of age; in those areas where the baseline diarrhoea prevalence had been highest and safe sanitation coverage low- est, the prevalence rate fell by 43% [17].