Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties, Michigan, USA 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties, Michigan, USA 英文参考文献.doc

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Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties, Michigan, USA 英文参考文献

Environmental Health BioMedCentral Research Open Access Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties, Michigan, USA Dajun Dai1,3 and Tonny J Oyana*2 Address: 1Environmental Resources and Policy Program, Southern Illinois University, 405 West Grand Avenue, MC 4637, Carbondale, IL 62901- 4637, USA, 2Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, MC 4514, Carbondale, IL 62901-4514, USA and 3Department of Geography, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA Email: Dajun Dai - ddai@; Tonny J Oyana* - tjoyana@ * Corresponding author Published: 21 October 2008 Received: 15 July 2008 Accepted: 21 October 2008 Environmental Health 2008, 7:49 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-49 This article is available from: /content/7/1/49 ? 2008 Dai and Oyana; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: High levels of dioxins in soil and higher-than-average body burdens of dioxins in local residents have been found in the city of Midland and the Tittabawassee River floodplain in Michigan. The objective of this study is threefold: (1) to evaluate dioxin levels in soils; (2) to evaluate the spatial variations in breast cancer incidence in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties in Michigan; (3) to evaluate whether breast cancer rates are spatially associated with the dioxin contamination areas. Methods: We acquired 532 published soil dioxin data samples collected from 1995 to 2003 and data pertaining to female breast cancer cases (n = 4,604) at ZIP code level in Midland, Saginaw, and Bay Counties for years 1985 through 2002. Descriptive statistics and