Strengthening Sovereignty Security and Sustainability in an Era of Climate Change 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sustainability 2011, 3, 1416-1451; doi:10.3390/su3091416 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Strengthening Sovereignty: Security and Sustainability in an Era of Climate Change Rymn J. Parsons 1221 Candlewood Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA; E-Mail: rymn.parsons@; Tel.: +1-757-341-0458; Fax: +1-757-341-0499 Received: 1 August 2011 / Accepted: 12 August 2011 / Published: 31 August 2011 Abstract: Using Pakistan and the Arctic as examples, this article examines security challenges arising from climate change. Pakistan is in crisis, and climate change, a transnational phenomenon perhaps better characterized as radical enviro-transformation, is an important reason. Its survival as a state may depend to great extent on how it responds to 2010’s devastating floods. In the Arctic, the ice cap is melting faster than predicted, as temperatures there rise faster than in almost any other region. Unmanaged, a complex interplay of climate-related conditions, including large-scale “ecomigration”, may turn resource competition into resource conflict. Radical enviro-transformation has repeatedly overborne the resilience of societies. War is not an inevitable by-product of such transformation, but in the 21st Century climate-related instability, from resource scarcity and “ecomigration”, will likely create increasingly undesirable conditions of insecurity. Weak and failing states are one of today’s greatest security challenges. The pace of radical enviro-transformation, unprecedented in human history, is accelerating, especially in the Arctic, where a new, open, rich, and accessible maritime environment is coming into being. The international community must work together to enhance security and stability, promote sustainability, and strengthen sovereignty. Radical enviro-transformation provides ample reason and plentiful opportunity for