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Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking and Topology 英文参考文献.doc

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Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking and Topology 英文参考文献

Symmetry2010,2,1401-1422;doi:10.3390/sym2031401 OPENACCESS symmetry ISSN2073-8994 /journal/symmetry Article Symmetry,SymmetryBreakingandTopology SiddharthaSen SchoolofMathematicalSciences,UCD,Bel?eld,Dublin4,Ireland;E-Mail:sen@maths.ucd.ie Received:1February2010;inrevisedform:30April2010/Accepted:5July2010/ Published:7July2010 Abstract:ThegroundstateofasystemwithsymmetrycanbedescribedbyagroupG .This symmetrygroupGcanbediscreteorcontinuous.ThusforacrystalGisa?nitegroupwhile forthevacuumstateofagranduni?edtheoryGisacontinuousLiegroup. Theground statesymmetrydescribedbyGcanchangespontaneouslyfromGtooneofitssubgroups Hastheexternalparametersofthesystemaremodi?ed. Suchamacroscopicchangeofthe groundstatesymmetryofasystemfromGtoHcorrespondtoa“phasetransition”. Such phasetransitionshavebeenextensivelystudiedwithinaframeworkduetoLandau. Avast rangeofsystemscanbedescribedusingLandau’sapproach,howevertherearealsosystems wheretheframeworkdoesnotwork. Recentlytherehasbeengrowinginterestinlooking at such non-Landau type of phase transitions. For instance there are several “quantum phase transitions” that are not of the Landau type. In this short review we ?rst describe are?nedversionofLandau’sapproachinwhichtopologicalideasareusedtogetherwith grouptheory. Thecombineduseofgrouptheoryandtopologicalargumentsallowsusto determineselectionrulewhichforbidtransitionsfromGtocertainofitssubgroups.Weend bymakingafewbriefremarksaboutnon-Landautypeofphasetransition. Keywords:symmetrybreaking;grouptheory;topology 1. Introduction Inmanybranchesofphysicsthemacroscopicsymmetrypropertiesofthegroundstate(vacuumstate) ofasystemcanbedifferentfromthatofitsHamiltonian. Whenthishappenswehaveaspontaneous symmetry breaking phase transitions. It is also observed that as the external conditions of a system change, such as its temperature and pressure, the ground state symmetry can get further modi?ed. TypicallyiftheHamiltonhassymmetrygroupGthenthegroundstatesymmetrygroupis