Tragedy of the Commons, Business Growth and the Fundamental Sustainability Problem 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sustainability 2012, 4, 2443-2471; doi:10.3390/su4102443 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Tragedy of the Commons, Business Growth and the Fundamental Sustainability Problem Edward J. Garrity Marketing Information Systems Department, Richard J. Wehle School of Business, Canisius College, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, New York, 14208, USA; E-Mail: garrity@; Tel.: +1-716-888-2267; Fax: +1-716-888-2525. Received: 6 August 2012; in revised form: 5 September 2012 / Accepted: 20 September 2012 / Published: 28 September 2012 Abstract: This paper reviews the major issues involved in Hardin’s [1] tragedy of the commons, written over 44 years ago, and examines whether these issues are still relevant today. We assert that this model still provides important insight to aid in the solution to our global problems. In particular, we maintain that the underlying issues of growth against limits and bounded rationality are still not adequately recognized and addressed; this underlies many of the reasons for our unsustainable world. Examples from fisheries management are used to examine potential solutions and reveal weaknesses in current approaches. We show how our current, restricted mental models promote social injustice and blind us to developing sustainable solutions. Both the neo-liberal economic view of business that directly seeks growth and the new sustainable development view that indirectly supports growth are leading our global economy in the wrong direction and away from prosperity and sustainability. Current thinking has not realized Hardin’s message that sustainability is of the class of no technology solution problems. We conclude with recommendations to radically advance a new world view and business paradigm. Keywords: bounded rationality; business growth; common pool resources; growth against limits; social justice; sustainability; syste