Towards New Uses of Botulinum Toxin as a Novel Therapeutic Tool 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2011, 3, 63-81; doi:10.3390/toxins3010063 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Towards New Uses of Botulinum Toxin as a Novel Therapeutic Tool Andy Pickett * and Karen Perrow Biologicals Science and Technology, Ipsen Biopharm Limited, Ash Road North, Wrexham, LL13 9UF, UK; E-Mail: karen.perrow@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: andy.pickett@; Tel.: +44-1-978-661-181; Fax: +44-1-978-664-223. Received: 7 December 2010; in revised form: 3 January 2011 / Accepted: 4 January 2011 / Published: 12 January 2011 Abstract: The uses of botulinum toxin in the fields of neurology, ophthalmology, urology, rehabilitation medicine and aesthetic applications have been revolutionary for the treatment of patients. This non-invasive therapeutic has continually been developed since first discovered in the 1970s as a new approach to what were previously surgical treatments. As these applications develop, so also the molecules are developing into tools with new therapeutic properties in specific clinical areas. This review examines how the botulinum toxin molecule is being adapted to new therapeutic uses and also how new areas of use for the existing molecules are being identified. Prospects for future developments are also considered. Keywords: clostridial neurotoxin; BoNT; engineering; targeting 1. Introduction Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have shown considerable clinical efficacy in treating a large range of disorders. Historically, the therapeutic utilization of BoNTs has progressed by administration for novel therapeutic interventions and future progress is likely to follow a similar path. Most recently, BoNT has been increasingly employed for example in the field of urology [1] and also BoNTs have been evaluated for the treatment of other new indications [2], for example painful keloid [3], diabetic neuropathic pain [4], refractory knee pain [5], tri