Appraisal Theory 功能语言学评价理论.pptVIP

韩礼德和哈桑致力于从社会学的角度研究语言的三大元功能:概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。然而他们却忽略了对谈话人的赋值语义(semantics of evaluation)的研究(王振华,2001)。澳大利亚语言学家马丁(J.R.Martin)进一步发展了系统功能语法,在原有的基础上创造性地提出了评价系统。此系统是一个人际意义系统,人们可利用它来领会各种社会关系。它涉及文本所揭示出来的各种态度,各种情感的强度以及确定各种价值来源的手段(Martin 2001:19)。 Sum-up: What we have are three main appraisal systems: attitude, amplification and source. Attitude comprises affect ,judgment and appreciation: our three major regions of feeling. Amplification covers grading , including force, and focus: force involve the choice to raise or lower the intensity of gradable items, focus the option of sharpening or softening an experiential boundary. Source covers resource that introduce additional voice into a discourse, via projection, modalization or concession: the key choice here is one voice or more than one voice. Technically, sourcing resources are referred to as engagement. Prosody and genre Appraisal resources are used to establish the tone or mood of a passage of discourse, as choices resonate with one another from one moment to another as a text unfolds. The pattern of choices is thus ‘prosodic’. They form prosody of attitude running through the text that swells and diminishes, in the manner of musical prosody. The prosodic pattern of stance or voice defines the kind of community that is being set up around shared values .In everyday language , these stances are often discussed as ranging along a scale from more objective to more subjective. As texts unfold they try to move us in different ways, to form different relationship with us ,to commune with us strategically. Appraisal: negotiating attitudes The language of emotion, ethics and aesthetics 1.J.R.Matin 2.Definitions and basic structure 3.Details a. Attitude b. Amplification c. Source Application to analysis of a poem .Comment Prof. J. R. Martin Life: J. R. Martin is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney. His research interests include systemic theory, functional grammar, discourse semantics, register,