2语习得选修课的课堂.pptVIP

What differences are there in the way in which individual learners acquire a second language? Age Language aptitude Learning styles Motivation Personality sex Social factors:Social class Affective states: Anxiety Age what do you think of bilinggual kindergartens? Can they benefit children’s SLA? Children vs. teenager vs.adults(pronunciation/ rate/grammmar) Critical period hypothesis (pronunciation/ grammar) 1.学习外语的开始年龄并不在很大程度上影响习得的程序，任何年龄开始学习一门外语都有可能获得成功。 2.学习外语的起始年龄较明显地影响习得的速度和效率。在语法、词义和词汇方面，少年比儿童和成年人表现得更为出色（如果学习时间相同） 3.学习时间长短影响习得的成功程度，而学习起始年龄对将达到的精密程度起着决定作用，尤其是语音方面。（束定芳，庄智象） 4.刘润清认为外语学习的最佳开始年龄并非越早越好，而是大约在九岁左右。 Language aptitude 1. phonimic coding-encoding 语音编码解码能力 2.grammar sencitivity 语法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 归纳性语言学习能力 4. memory 联想记忆能力 Language aptitude 1. phonimic coding-encoding 语音编码解码能力 2.grammar sencitivity 语法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 归纳性语言学习能力 4. memory 联想记忆能力 Learning styles Field dependence/ Field independence origin Reflectivity/ impulsivity 审慎/冲动 Visual/auditory/kinaesthetic/tactile Holistic/analytic ... children vs. Adolescents/adults Males vs. Females Object-oriented jobs vs. People-oriented jobs Urban,technological societies vs. Rural,agrairan societies Rigid social structures vs. Free social structures Group-centred people vs. Individualistic people Motivation Intrinsic /extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation derives from interest. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes external rewards or punishements. Intrinsic motivation:long-term success Extrinsic motivation: short-term success Integrative/instrumental motivation Integrative motivation involves a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other language group. Instrumental motivation concerns the practical value and advantages of learning a new language. Resultative motivation:result of positive learning experiences. Machiavellian motivation: motivated to learn because of ne