组胚学英文版课件Respiratory System.ppt

* a. type I cells (squamous alveolar cells): squamous, cover 95% of the alveolar surface. 0.1~0.2 μm thick. Organelles are grouped around the nuclei. Pinocytotic vesicles are responsible for inner surface clearance, and tight junctions among them prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space. * b. type II cells (Giant alveolar cells): Interspersed among the type I cells. Often found at the angle of alveolar surface. More than type I cells. * * cuboidal with microvilli. Have tight junctions and desmosomes with type I cells. Have acidophilic and foamy cytoplasm. * contain many membrane limited concentric or parallel lamellae, the lamellar bodies, which are osmiophilic and capable to release the pulmonary surfactant to cover the alveolar surface to lower the surface tension. Can differentiate into Type I cells. Become mature in 7-month-old fetus. * * * * C. Interalveolar septum: Thin layer of LCT between adjacent alveoli. Several structures exist in Interalveolar septum: 1. Continuous Caps: Branches of pulmonary artery. The richest Cap network in the body. 2. Abundant elastic and reticular fibers: Function when alveoli are enlarged. 3. Alveolar macrophages: Also called dust cells or heart failure cells. 4. Alveolar pores: Windows between the adjacent alveoli that can equalize the air pressure. * * Heart failure cells or siderophages are hemosiderin-containing macrophages in the alveoli. The main causes are left heart failure and chronic pulmonary edema. In left heart failure, the left ventricle can not keep pace with the incoming blood from the pulmonary veins. The resulting backup causes increased pressure on the alveolar capillaries, and red blood cells leak out. Alveolar macrophages ingest the red blood cells, and become engorged with brownish hemosiderin. In pulmonary edema, alveolar septa get thick and fibrous, again increasing pressure on alveolar capillaries and resulting in leakage of red blood cells which undergo phagocytosis by alveolar m