初等数论讲义林.pdf

1. .. . N*,N,(Z,Q ,Z[ω],H,Q,R,C,Q[ω]),(Z ,Z ), m m p (I[x],K[x],),(K(x),),. (a|b,a | b,,,ε,,,,,). / ,(a ,…,a ),,[a ,…,a ].,. 1 n 1 n .. 1.(). (,),. ,. Archimedes 2.. (,,).0 ,. (). . gcd (,,,,). . 1.:a,b Z,b 0,q,r Z b=qa+r. 0 r|b|. :Z,Z[i],Z[ω],F[x].φ(a)=|a||a|2,φ(f)=degf. 1 .Z ,a 0 ,[k|a|,(k+1)|a|)Z .b . b=k|a|+r, 0 r|a|. q=k·sgn(a). c +di 1 Z[i] ,a+bi 0 , =x+yi (x,y Q).u,v |x u|,|y v| a +bi 2 c+di=(u+vi)(a+bi)+ (x u+(y v)i)(a+bi).u+vi Z[i], r=(x u+(y v)i)(a+bi)= c+di (u+vi)(a+bi) Z[i], 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 |r| =|a+bi| ((x u) +( y v) ) |a+bi| |a+bi| . 2 Z[ω], Z[ 2 ],Z[ 2 i].Z[ 3 i]. F[x] ..(Z[x]). q,r . gcd(a,b)=gcd(b,c).,a b c d . r=0. 2.. I a,b,x ,y I,ax +by =gcd(a,b). 0 0 0 0 .a=b=0 .a,b 0,(x,y ){ax+by|x,y I} .,c=ax +by . 0 0 a=qc+r. r 0,φ(r) φ(c).r=a qc=a(1 qx )+b( qy ) I,.r=0, c|a. 0 0 c|b.c a b .,a b c=ax +by . 0 0 c=ax +by = gcd(a,b). 0 0 .a=0 (a,b)=b=0·a+1·b,a|b (a,b)=a=1·a+0·b. a 0 a |b,b,a