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Dynamic Hierarchical Sleep Scheduling for Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks

Sensors 2009, 9, 3908-3941; doi:10.3390/OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Dynamic Hierarchical Sleep Scheduling for Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks Chih-Yu Wen and Ying-Chih Chen ? Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; E-Mail: d9664106@.tw ? Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: cwen@.tw Received: 18 March 2009; in revised form: 29 April 2009/ Accepted: 20 May 2009/ Published: 25 May 2009 Abstract: This paper presents two scheduling management schemes for wireless sensor net- works, which manage the sensors by utilizing the hierarchical network structure and allocate network resources ef?ciently. A local criterion is used to simultaneously establish the sensing coverage and connectivity such that dynamic cluster-based sleep scheduling can be achieved. The proposed schemes are simulated and analyzed to abstract the network behaviors in a num- ber of settings. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms provide ef?cient network power control and can achieve high scalability in wireless sensor networks. Keywords: wireless sensor networks; scheduling management; sensing coverage 1. Introduction Recent advances in microelectro-mechanical systems are driving the developments of low-cost and and low-power wireless sensors, with diverse applications in the physical world in areas such as environ- mental monitoring, disaster recovery, industrial process control, and smart environments. With sensors placed close to an event, wireless sensor networks can observe the phenomenon and receive data. How- ever, having too few active sensors or excessive ones may result in reduced sensing coverage or severe interference, which will have a great in?uence on network performance features such as energy and bandwidth ef?ciency, and sensing quality. Therefore, sensing scheduling schemes may be implemente