Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats.docVIP

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Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats.doc

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Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats

Molecules 2012, 17, 12974-12983; doi:10.3390/molecules171112974 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /journal/molecules Article Evaluation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Toxicity Induced by the Radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-Methylenediphosphonic Acid and by Stannous Chloride in Wistar Rats José Carlos Pelielo De Mattos, Vanessa Coutinho de Matos, Michelle Pinheiro Rodrigues, Marcia Betania Nunes de Oliveira, Flavio José S. Dantas, Sebasti?o David Santos-Filho, Mario Bernardo-Filho * and Adriano Caldeira-de-Araujo Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil; E-Mails: jcmattos@uerj.br (J.C.P.D.M.); vanessacmatos@ (V.C.M.); michellerodr@ (M.P.R.); mbno@.br (M.B.N.O.); flaviojsdantas@ (F.J.S.D.); sdavidsfilho@ (S.D.S.-F.); caldeiradearaujo@ (A.C.-A.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: bernardofilhom@; Tel./Fax: +55-21-2868-8332. Received: 25 September 2012; in revised form: 10 October 2012 / Accepted: 25 October 2012 / Published: 1 November 2012 Abstract: Radiopharmaceuticals are employed in patient diagnostics and disease treatments. Concerning the diagnosis aspect, technetium-99m (99mTc) is utilized to label radiopharmaceuticals for single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT) due to its physical and chemical characteristics. 99mTc fixation on pharmaceuticals depends on a reducing agent, stannous chloride (SnCl2) being the most widely-utilized. The genotoxic, clastogenic and anegenic properties of the 99mTc-MDP(methylene diphosphonate used for bone SPECT) and SnCl2 were evaluated in Wistar rat blood cells using the Comet assay and micronucleus test. The experimental approach was to endovenously administer NaCl 0.9% (negative control), cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg b.w. (positive control), SnCl2 500 μg/mL or 99mTc-MDP to animals and blood samples t