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EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement Potential Impacts on Rural Livelihoods and Gender (with Focus on Bio-fuels Feedstock Expansion).doc

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EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement Potential Impacts on Rural Livelihoods and Gender (with Focus on Bio-fuels Feedstock Expansion)

Sustainability 2009, 1, 1120-1143; doi:10.3390/su1041120 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement: Potential Impacts on Rural Livelihoods and Gender (with Focus on Bio-fuels Feedstock Expansion) Leonith Hinojosa Brooks World Poverty Institute and Impact Assessment Research Centre, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; E-Mail: Leonith.hinojosa@manchester.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-161-306-6430; Fax: +44-161-306-6428 Received: 9 October 2009 / Accepted: 24 November 2009 / Published: 26 November 2009 Abstract: The trade-sustainable impact assessment of the European Union-Mercosur trade agreement found that the economic impact of the trade liberalisation scenario could be positive in the agricultural sectors of Mercosur countries. However, it also found that the social and environmental impacts would be mixed and potentially detrimental. This paper addresses the likely effects on the livelihoods of vulnerable rural populations. It argues that the potential impacts can be analysed within a diversified livelihood strategies framework, which is expanded to include institutional and policy factors. It concludes that the negative expected impact responds to the highly uneven access to capital assets. On the other hand, the effects are not generalised to all Mercosur countries, nor to all regions in each of the member countries. Enhancing or mitigating measures refer to the importance of sequencing and regulation to improve disadvantaged groups‘ abilities to participate in trade-led agricultural intensification or industrialisation processes. Keywords: sustainable impact assessment; livelihoods; bio-fuels; gender; Mercosur 1. Introduction By the time this paper was finished in May 2009, the European Union-Mercosur trade agreement (EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement hereinafter) was still under negotiation. Mercosur c