Evolution of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter of the C4 species Flaveria trinervia the role of the proximal promoter region.docVIP

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Evolution of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter of the C4 species Flaveria trinervia the role of the proximal promoter region.doc

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Evolution of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter of the C4 species Flaveria trinervia the role of the proximal promoter region

BMC Plant Biology BioMedCentral Research article Open Access Evolution of the C phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promoter of 4 the C4 species Flaveria trinervia: the role of the proximal promoter region Sascha Engelmann1, Corinna Zogel1,2, Maria Koczor1, Ute Schlue1, Monika Streubel1 and Peter Westhoff*1 Address: 1Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universit?t, Universit?tsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany and 2Institut für Humangenetik der Universit?t Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany Email: Sascha Engelmann - engelmas@uni-duesseldorf.de; Corinna Zogel - corinna.zogel@uni-due.de; Maria Koczor - Maria.Koczor@uni- duesseldorf.de; Ute Schlue - Ute.Schlue@uni-duesseldorf.de; Monika Streubel - streubel@uni-duesseldorf.de; Peter Westhoff* - west@uni- duesseldorf.de * Corresponding author Published: 21 January 2008 Received: 8 November 2007 Accepted: 21 January 2008 BMC Plant Biology 2008, 8:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2229-8-4 This article is available from: /1471-2229/8/4 ? 2008 Engelmann et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: The key enzymes of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C4 plants have evolved independently several times from C3 isoforms that were present in the C3 ancestral species. The C4 isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), the primary CO2-fixing enzyme of the C4 cycle, is specifically expressed at high levels in mesophyll cells of the leaves of C4 species. We are interested in understanding the molecular changes that are responsible for the evolution of this C4- characteristic PEPC expression pattern, and we are using the genus Flaveria (Asteraceae) as a model system. It is known that cis-regulato