清华大学生物化学课件 氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化1.pptxVIP

Chapter 19 Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation;1. ATP is synthesized using the same strategy in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation;Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation are mechanistically similar 1). Both involve the flow of electrons through a chain of membrane-bound carriers. 2). The energy released from “downhill” electron flow is first used for “uphill” pumping of protons (质子) to produce a proton gradient (thus a transmembrane electrochemical potential) across a biomembrane. 3). ATP is then synthesized by a “downhill” transmembrane flow of protons through a specific protein machinery (ATP synthase). ;Cristae (the infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria) is where the respiratory chain is located. ;Biochemical anatomy of a mitochondrion*****;;2. Electrons collected in NADH and FADH2 are released and transported to O2 via the respiratory chain ;;;The respiratory chain consists of four large multi-protein complexes (I, II, III, and IV; three being proton pumps) and two mobile electron carriers, ubiquinone (Q or coenzyme Q) (泛醌) and cytochrome c (细胞色素c). Prosthetic groups acting in the proteins of respiratory chain include flavins (FMN, FAD), hemes (血红素) (heme A, iron protoporphyrin IX, heme C), iron-sulfur clusters (2Fe-2S, 4Fe-4S), and copper (Cu).;Ubiquinone is a mobile electron/proton carrier ;Prosthetic groups of cytochromes ;Reduced cytochromes have three absorption bands in the visible wavelengths ;Different types of iron-sulfur centers Iron atoms cycle between Fe2+ (reduced) and Fe3+(oxidized). ;3. The order of the many electron carriers on the respiratory chain have been elucidated via various studies;Electron carriers have an order of increasing E’0; Method 2: Oxidation kinetics studies Full reduction followed by sudden O2 introduction; earlier oxidation, closer to the end of the respiratory chain; using rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric techniques to follow the oxidation of