2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读.docxVIP

2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读（六）The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-statephysicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallicalloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical andapplied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials. 　　When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, acrystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloycomposition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials whencooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structuresomewhat like that of the liquid — an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-termtendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure.The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of thecrystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of thechemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other.Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallinesstructure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow thatalmost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. Forglassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidlyso that crystallization is suppressed. 　　The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that ofliquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid wasthat by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hardspheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possibledensity. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for manyattempts to model the structure of glassy metals. 　　Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models ofthe alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determinedvalues from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with ametalloid suc