第1章细菌的形态与结构.pptVIP

SIZE OF BACTERIA Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer,μm: 1μm=10-3mm Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment. Structure of Bacteria Particular structures capsule 荚膜 flagella 鞭毛 pili 菌毛 spore 芽胞 细 菌 的 结 构(bacteria’s structure) 细菌的基本结构(Essential structure)（细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质、核蛋白体和质粒） √ 细菌的特殊结构(Particular structure)（荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽孢） √ Functions of Cell Wall Maintaining the cells characteristic shape- the rigid wall compensates for the flexibility of the phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape Countering the effects of osmotic pressure Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages- flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the wall and extend beyond it Play an essential role in cell division Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of the cell surface。 Resistance of Antibiotics Wall-less forms of Bacteria. When bacteria are treated with 1) enzymes that are lytic for the cell wall e.g. lysozyme or 2) antibiotics that interfere with biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, wall-less bacteria are often produced. Usually these treatments generate non-viable organisms. Wall-less bacteria that can not replicate are referred to as spheroplasts (when an outer membrane is present) or protoplasts (if an outer membrane is not present). Occasionally wall-less bacteria that can replicate are generated by these treatments (L forms). Plasmid 外膜的功能： (1)Ｇ－菌的主要致病物质； (2)所带的负电荷可吸附钙、镁离子以提高其浓度； (3)具有抗原性； (4)是噬菌体和性菌毛吸附的受体； (5)具有选择性屏障功能。 Gram negative bacteria major permeability barrier(通透性屏障） space between inner and outer membrane periplasmic space（周浆间隙） store degradative enzymes（降解酶） Gram positive bacteria no periplasmic space Outer Membrane 5、细胞壁主要功能 ① 维持细菌固有形态 ② 保护细菌抵抗低渗环境 ③ 屏障作用：防止药物渗入，对抗菌药物产生抗性 ④完成菌体内外物质交换 ⑤决定菌体的抗原性 ⑥某些成分与致病性有关 ⑦参与细菌细胞分裂 6．细胞壁缺陷型细菌（L型细菌L-formed bacteria） √ ： (1)形成原因:肽聚糖结构受理化或生物