从属结构一 L 31_Subordination.ppt

14/09/2006 Lecture 4 SUBORDINATION (I) 从句（1） Coordination and subordination并列和从属 Subordinators 从属连词 Subordinate clauses (finite) 限定从属从句 Notes on Adverbial clauses 状语从句小贴士 Coordination and Subordination Section 1 Coordination and Subordination并列和从属 They are two devices手段 for combining and relating关联 ideas. These are commonly used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships 语义关系. Generally speaking, coordination establishes a relationship between ideas of approximately equal importance, while subordination establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that one idea is more important than the other. Coordination and Subordination并列和从属 Coordination（并列结构） equal importance 相同的重要性 雨停了，太阳出来了。 The rain stopped, and the sun came out. Subordination（从属结构） one idea is more important than the other 句子内部重要性有高下 雨停的时候，太阳出来了。 When the rain stopped, the sun came out. What is subordination? 从属 Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower rank or less important position. Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another. The man with a gun in his hand is a murderer. The man with a gun in his hand is a murderer. The man who was holding a gun in his hand is a murderer. The man who was holding a gun in his hand is a murderer. Ways of subordinating minor ideas把次要思想置于从属地位的方法 It is a general practice to put the main idea in the main clause主句 and the minor idea in a dependent clause从句（= subordinate clause）. There are various ways of subordinating minor ideas, which may be expressed by a finite clause 限定从属分句 or non-finite clause 非限定从属分句 or verbless clause 无动词分句. Finite clauses for showing minor ideas限定从属分句 Before she could answer the telephone, it stopped ringing. Main idea: it sopped ringing. Minor idea: before she could answer the telephone. 出身于下层社会的大家庭的约翰，今年秋天考入了大学。 John, who comes from a large, lower-class family, enrolled in college this fall