003Tr与anslatoin Band-8.docVIP

1 照相是一种既兼并客观世界，又表达独特自我的技术。照片描绘业已存在的客观现实，不过只有造相机才能揭示这种客观现实。照片反映个别摄影者的气质，这种气质是通过照相机剪裁现实而显示出来的。那就是说，摄影术有两个相互对立的观念：第一，摄影术是反映世界的，摄影者只不过是无足轻重的观察者； 第二，摄影术是无畏探索的主观性的手段，摄影者决定一切。 There are few words which are used more loosely than the word ‘civilization’. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilizatio