lesson1力学基本概念.docVIP

Basic Concepts in Mechanics [mi’k?niks] 第一课 力学基本概念 The branch of scientific analysis [?’n?l?sis] which deals with motions，time，and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts，statics and dynamics．Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e.，those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time． 对运动、时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支称为力学。它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变的系统进行分析。 [扩展1]：静力学是力学的一个分支，它主要研究物体在力的作用下处于平衡的规律，以及如何建立各种力系的平衡条件。平衡是物体机械运动的特殊形式，严格地说，物体相对于惯性参照系处于静止或作匀速直线运动的状态，即加速度为零的状态都称为平衡。静力学在工程技术中有着广泛的应用。例如对房屋、桥梁的受力分析，有效载荷的分析计算等。 [扩展2]：动力学是理论力学的一个分支学科，它主要研究作用于物体的力与物体运动的关系。动力学的研究对象是运动速度远小于光速的宏观物体。动力学是物理学和天文学的基础，也是许多工程学科的基础。对动力学的研究使人们掌握了物体的运动规律，并能够为人类进行更好的服务。例如，牛顿发现了万有引力定律，解释了开普勒定律，为近代星际航行，发射飞行器考察月球、火星、金星等等开辟了道路。 Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces，e.g.，from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to anther gear, from a connecting rod 连杆through a bearing to a lever, from a V belt to a pulley [‘puli]滑轮、皮带轮，or from a cam 凸轮[k?m] to a follower从动件. 力通过配合表面(啮合面)传到机器中的各构件上。例如，从齿轮传到轴或者从齿轮通过啮合的轮齿传到另一齿轮，从连杆通过轴承传到另一杆件，从三角皮带传到皮带轮，或者从凸轮传到从动件。 [扩展3]：mate 和mesh。mate [????] n.配偶, 对手, 助手；vt.使配对, 使一致, 结伴；vi.成配偶, 紧密配合，使啮合。mesh[???] n.网孔, 网丝, 网眼, 圈套, 陷阱, [机]啮合vt.以网捕捉, 啮合, 编织vi.落网, 相啮合。 The distribution of the forces at the boundaries or mating surfaces must be reasonable, and their intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing the surfaces. For example，if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film薄膜 and cause metal－to－metal contact, overheating，and rapid failure of the bearing轴承． If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them．This could result in flaking剥落 and spalling碎裂 of the metal，noise，rough motion，and eventual failure．In the study of mechanics we are principally interested in determining the magnitude，direction，and location of the f