第六章真核生物基因表达的调控.ppt

5. Translational Initiation: Since many mRNAs have multiple methionine codons, the ability of ribosomes to recognize and initiate synthesis from the correct AUG codon can affect the expression of a gene product. Several examples have emerged demonstrating that some eukaryotic proteins initiate at non-AUG codons. This phenomenon has been known to occur in E. coli for quite some time, but only recently has it been observed in eukaryotic mRNAs. 6. Post-Translational Modification: Common modifications include glycosylation, acetylation, fatty acylation, disulfide bond formations, etc. 7. Protein Transport: proteins must be biologically active following translation and processing, they must be transported to their site of action. 8. Control of Protein Stability: Many proteins are rapidly degraded, whereas others are highly stable. Specific amino acid sequences in some proteins have been shown to bring about rapid degradation Control of Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation  Transcription of the different classes of RNAs in eukaryotes is carried out by three different polymerases. RNA pol I synthesizes the rRNAs, except for the 5S species. RNA pol II synthesizes the mRNAs and some small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in RNA splicing. RNA pol III synthesizes the 5S rRNA and the tRNAs. The vast majority of eukaryotic RNAs are subjected to post-transcriptional processing. The most complex controls observed in eukaryotic genes are those that regulate the expression of RNA pol II-transcribed genes, the mRNA genes. Almost all eukaryotic mRNA genes contain a basic structure consisting of coding exons and non-coding introns and basal promoters of two types and any number of different transcriptional regulatory domains. The basal promoter elements are termed CCAAT-boxes and TATA-boxes because of their sequence motifs. The TATA-box resides 20 to 30 bases upstream of the transcriptional start site and is similar in sequence to the prokaryotic Pribnow-box (consensus T