Extra Column Dispersion（DOC 54页）.doc

天马行空官方博客：/tmxk_docin ;QQ:1318241189 Extract Column Dispersion Introduction 2 Sources of Extra Column Dispersion 2 Dispersion in the Sample Valve 2 Dispersion in Connecting Conduits 3 Dispersion from Unions and Frits 3 Dispersion in the Volume of the Detector Sensor 3 Dispersion in Contemporary LC Columns 3 Dispersion in Contemporary GC Columns 6 Maximum Permissible Extra Column Dispersion 6 GC Capillary Columns 9 LC Sample Valves 13 Dispersion in Tubular Conduits 17 Low Dispersion Connecting Tubes 21 Serpentine Tubes 24 Dispersion in Unions and Stainless Steel Frits 25 Dispersion in the Detector Sensor Volume 28 The Effect of Viscous Flow on Dispersion in a Detector Sensor 28 Dispersion in Detector Sensors Due to Newtonian Flow 30 Apparent Dispersion? from Detector Sensor Volume 32 Dispersion Due to Detector Electronics Response Time 35 Low Dispersion Gradient Elution Apparatus 39 Rapid Separations Employing Gradient Elution 41 Chromatographic Apparatus for Trace Analysis 44 The Determination of Trace Organic Materials in Water 49 The Use for Low Dispersion Instrumentation with Small Bore Columns to Obtain Ultra High Efficiencies. 50 Separations on Small Bore Columns 2m Long 52 References 54 Introduction Columns with very low plate heights and corresponding high efficiencies can be easily and reproducibly prepared using modern packing techniques (for capillary columns precise coating procedures) in conjunction with well designed stationary phases and supports. Columns having very high efficiencies, however, produce very narrow peaks with very small peak volumes and, thus, the impressive advances in column technology have been accompanied by a continual reduction in peak size. As a consequence, all dispersion processes that takes place outside the column, once relatively unimportant, have now become far more significant and potentially more deleterious to chromatographic performance. Almost all of the dispersion processes that occur outside the column can be minimize