宇宙射线简介.pptxVIP

An Introduction to COSMIC RAYS;1785 Charles Coulomb Discovered that charged body in the air becomes discharged 1909 Theodor Wulf Discovered higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base with an electrometer developed by himself ;1912 Victor Hess Found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level at an altitude of 5300meters Made a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse and ruled out the Sun as the radiations source Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936;1932 C. Anderson Discovered the anti-electron 1936 S. Neddermeyer and C. Anderson Discovered the muon 1938 Pierre Auger and Roland Maze Discovered Extensive Air Shower 1946 G. Rochester and C. Butler Discovered K0 1965 A. Penzias and R. Wilson Discovered CBM Radiation ;Atomic nuclei zooming through space 90% protons, 9% helium nuclei, nearly 1% electrons and heavy nucleus. Others are neutrinos, Gamma rays and antimatter ;Elemental abundance in the CRs and the Galaxy (Relative to H);The energy spectrum for cosmic rays;Particles generated in the cascade process that started by Primary CRs hit other nucleus in the atmosphere Can travel faster than the speed of light in air (still slower than that in vacuum);Vertical fluxes of cosmic rays in the atmosphere;An extensive cascade of ionized particles and electromagnetic radiation produced in the atmosphere Cascade: An incident particle, which could be a proton, a nucleus, an electron, a photon, or (rarely) a positron, strikes a molecule in the air so as to produce many energetic hadrons The unstable hadrons decay in the air speedily into other particles and electromagnetic radiation, which are part of the shower components;Electromagnetic EAS Hadron-induced EAS;Shower particle tracks: Proton (Simulation);Space Experiment AMS [Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer] OSSE [Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment] NINA [New Instrument for Nuclear Analysis] PAMELA [Payload for Antimatter Matter E