射电天文基础.ppt

射电天文基础 姜碧沩 北京师范大学天文系 2009/08/24-28日，贵州大学 大纲 射电天文基础 射电望远镜 连续谱辐射机制 谱线辐射机制 星际分子 参考书：《射电天文工具》 射电天文 Radio 大气窗口 地面射电天文的频率上限和下限 空间 Astronomy Astro-: star Radio astronomy 与其它波段的区别 The waves used by optical astronomers Electromagnetic Spectrum 4000 to 8000 angstroms 7.5?1014Hz to 3.75?1014Hz The Sun The solar system Stars Galaxies The radio window Atmospheric Transmission From about 0.5mm to 20m 600GHz to 15MHz Troposphere（对流层） to ionosphere FM radio (and TV) AM radio Mobile phone… The solar system, stars, ISM, galaxies, cosmic microwave background…….. The Sun Some advantages of radio astronomy Transparent to terrestrial clouds: visible in cloudy time The Sun is quiet: visible in day time Transparent to the vast clouds of interstellar dust: able to see distant objects Different origin of radiation 射电天文的辉煌 获得诺贝尔奖的发现 宇宙微波背景辐射的发现 脉冲星的发现：快速旋转的中子星 双星脉冲星的发现与引力波理论的验证 宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体形式以及非各向同性 其他重要贡献 星际分子 氢原子谱线 恒星形成区 磁场 ?? The world’s largest radio telescopes The Arecibo Telescope Type: Fixed reflector, movable feeds ?Diameter of reflector: 1000 ft (304.8 m) ?Surface accuracy: 2.2 mm rms Working wavelength: from cm to dm The Effelsberg Telescope Type: Fully steerable Diameter: 100-m Working wavelength: up to 3mm, mainly cm Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy Some basic definitions Radiative transfer Blackbody radiation and brightness temperature Nyquist theory and noise temperature I?: specific intensity dW＝infinitesimal power, in watts， dσ＝infinitesimal area surface, in cm2， dν＝infinitesimal bandwidth，in Hz， θ＝angle between the normal to dσand the direction to dΩ Iν＝brightness or specific intensity, in Wm-2Hz-1sr-1。 The total flux of a source Total flux of a source: integration over the total solid angle of the source Ωs Unit W m-2Hz-1 Jy 1Jy=10-26 W m-2Hz-1= 10-23 erg s-1 cm-2Hz-1 A 1Jy source induces an signal of only 10-15W. Few sources are as bright as 1Jy Brightness is independent of the distance The total flux density depends on distance as r-2 Total flu