美式课堂教学示范课.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 1: Genomes, Transcriptomes, and Proteomes Copyright ? Garland Science 2007 Genome: The complete set of genetic materials Determines all biological information Each living organism has a genome Most are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Few viruses have RNA genomes An example: The Human Genome Nuclear genome (3.2 billion bases) 24 linear molecules (50 Mb – 260 Mb) 24 chromosomes (22 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes) Total of 35,000 genes in nuclear genome Mitochondrial genome Circular DNA molecule (16Kb, 37 genes) The Human Genome (Cont.) 1013 cells in human body Each somatic cell has a copy of genome Except for red blood cell Somatic cells are diploid (2 copies of autosomes XX or XY chromosomes) Sex cells are haploid (only 23 chromosomes) Plus 8,000 copies of mitochondrial genomes Figure 1.2 Genomes 3 (? Garland Science 2007) Two steps of genome expression Will get to basic concepts, how genomes are organized, function, replicate evolve. 1-1. DNA, Gene Genome 1869 Miescher extracted DNA from human blood cells salmon sperm showed DNA is acidic rich in phosphorus 1930s, biophysicists revealed DNA has huge lengths of polymeric chains 1903, Sutton observed inheritance of chromosomes during cell division, led to “chromosome theory” Mistakenly, biologists thought DNA was all the same genes (as the genetic material) were made of proteins (a combination of 20 amino acids) 1-1. DNA, Gene Genome (Cont.) In late 1930s, scientists realized DNA has immense variability DNA was proved to be the genetic basis by two famous experiments Avery et al showed DNA is the active component of the “transforming principle”. Hershey Chase gene must be made of DNA Watson Crick discovered double-helix structure