工程管理专业外语Lesson 1.pptVIP

This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section, as can be demonstrated by statics. When the load P does not act at the centroid, bending of the bar will result, and a more complicated analysis is necessary. （如果轴向力通过截面的质心时，这个条件将会被认识，同时可以通过静力学验证。当载荷P不是作用在行心时，将会产生挠度，更复杂的分析就是必要的了。） however, here,it is assumed that all axial forces are applied at the centroid of the cross section unless specifically stated to the contrary. Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig.1.1.（然而，如果没有特殊说明，本书中假定所有的轴向力都作用在横截面的行心。而且，除非另有说明，物体本身的质量一般忽略不计，就像讨论图1.1中的杆那样。） Strain 应变 The total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force will be denoted the Greek letter [see Fig. 1.1(a)], and the elongation per unit length, or strain, is then determined by the equation(1.2) (受轴向力时，杆的总的伸长量用希腊字母表示，如图1.1（a）所示。单位长度的伸长即应变，可以用计算得到。) where L is the total length of the bar. Note that the strain is nondimensional quantity. It can be obtained accurately from Eq. (1.1) as long as the strain is uniform throughout the length of the bar. (这里L是杆的总长度。注意应变是无量纲量，只要应变在杆上是均匀的，就可以通过方程（1.1）得到精确的结果。) If the bar is in tension, the strain is a tensile strain, representing an elongation or a stretching of the material; if the bar is in compression, the strain is a compressive strain, which means that adjacent cross sections of the bar move closer to one another.(如果杆被拉伸，此时的应变称为拉应变，即材料伸长或被拉伸；如果杆是被压缩，即为压应变，这就意味着杆的相邻的截面离得更近了。) Lesson 1 ——STRESS AND STRAIN 12工程管理（2）班 组长：陈丽 组员：胡珈铷 王玉婷 殷玉倩 淳贞敏 路纯珍 李晓真 黄馨 胡静 李婉玉 应力stress 应力定义为“单位面积上所承受的附加内力”。公式记为 其中P为该横截面的轴力，A为横截面面积。 假设在杆件末端加载轴向力P，可使杆件产生均匀拉伸的张力。在垂直于轴向的方向人工截开杆件，我们可以说隔离出的一部分杆件为自由端 σ=P/A 应力和应变能用一种基本的方式来解释，即通过考虑柱形杆件的延伸。这个柱形杆件是一个全长等截面的直轴。在这个图例中， stress n.应力 strain n.应变 in a elementary 以基本方法 prismatic adj.棱柱形的，棱镜的 constant cross section 等截面 load n.负荷，荷载，负载 v.加载 uniforn adj.均匀的