读写译4中国文化部分中英互译.docVIP

Unit?1?Book?4?? 剪纸 剪纸又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔，绢帛，皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。? Paper?cutting?(otherwise?known?as?jianzhi)?is?also?called?kezhi,?chuanghua?or?jianhua.?Paper?cutting?was?popular?even?before?paper?was?invented.?When?there?was?no?paper,?people?carved?on?gold?leaf,?silk?,??feathers?,?and?so?on,?with?a?carving?technique?known?as?hollow-cutting?to?make?handicrafts.?In?the?Han?Dynasty(206BC-220AD),?the?invention?of?paper?promoted?the?development?and?popularity?of?paper-cutting.?The?folk?themes?of?the?paper-cutting?are?rooted?in?real?life,?filled?with?the?themes?of?enjoying?a?life?of?ease?and?comfort,?and?expressing?the?desire?for?a?happy?life. ?Unit?2?Book?4? 儒家思想 儒家思想也称为儒学，?由春秋（前770-前476）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》），五经（《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》）等。儒家学派以“仁义礼智信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。 Confucianism Confucian?thought,?also?called?Confucianism,?was?established?by?Confucius,?a?great?thinker?and?educator?who?lived?in?the?late?Spring?and?Autumn?Period?(770BC-476BC).?Some?representatives?of?Confucianism?throughout?Chinese?history?include?Mencius,?Dong?Zhongshu,?Zhu?Xi,?and?Wang?Yangming.?The?main?classics?of?Confucianism?are?the?Four?Books(The?Great?Learning,?THe?Doctrine?of?the?Mean,?The?Analects?of?Confucius,?and?Mencius)?and?the?Five?Classics?(Zhouyi,?Shangshu(Collection?of?Ancient?Texts),??The?Book?of?Songs,?The?Rites,?and?The?Spring?and?Autumn?Annals).??The?Confucian?School?regards?“benevolence,?righteousness,?propriety,?wisdom,?and?fidelity”as?being?at?the?core?of?its?ethical?system.?Confucianism?was?the?main?ideology?of?feudal?society?for?more?than?2000?years?in?China.?? Unit3?Book?4?? 中国象棋 中国象棋早在战国时期（前475-前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影——有军中帐（九宫）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武将（车，马，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一.? The?earliest?records?of?Chinese?chess?can?be?traced?back?to?the?Warring?St