训练成为独立思考的科学家-共识与偏见（PPT 95页）.pptVIP

训练成为独立思考的科学家 - 共识与“偏见”;Why do give such a talk?;训练自己尽早成为一个全面的科学家;训练的目标是什么？;如何评价学生;How do NIH panels evaluate postdoctoral fellowship applicants? ;Example of the evaluation of a good student;Example of the evaluation of a weaker student;What are the pre-requisites to be a successful graduate student?;More about your college grades;Tom Cech: 1989 Noble Prize in ChemistryPresident of Howard Hughes Medical Inst Professor at the University of Colorado;Example: Graig Hunter- Professor at Harvard;What besides the grades for him?;More about grades;What are the pre-requisites to have the potential to be trained into a good scientist ?;Graduate school is not for everyone;Learn to address good scientific questions; Easy to say, hard to do. Many researchers are not good at it. “small science” often demands more on this. - This is THE most important thing I learned from my thesis advisor. ;Big question 1: leading the field;Level of the fields;What can we learn from its tradition?;The Medical Research Council;The independence of the researchers; Max Perutz John Kendrew Francis Crick James Watson Fred Sanger Cesar Milstein Sydney Brenner John Sulston Many others were trained there: Sydney Altman, Bob Horvitz, Andy Fire …..;The “Culture” created by Perutz at MRC;Brenner Benzer’s “ridiculous” exploratory vision;What was Brenner’s thought?;What did Brenner do?;Big Question Example 2;Using temperature sensitive mutations to study how a phage is assembled step by step;Bob Edgar and Bill Wood collaborated on the project at Caltech, early 1970s;Harwell asked another big question: How is the cell division cycle regulated? ;Common “ unattractive” projects;Practice: - When reading research papers, question the questions addressed by the papers. When listening the seminars, question the questions addressed by the speakers. - Write a proposal on your research plan. ;Writing a research proposal;Science 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):542-5 A cytoplasmic pr