Lecture 2 名词和名词词组.ppt

Lecture 2 Noun and Noun Phrase名词和名词词组 1. Classification of nouns and function of noun phrases名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1) Classification of nouns 名词分类 Nouns can be classified according to: “word formation” 根据构词法分 “lexical meaning”根据词汇意义分 “grammatical form”根据语法意义分  作主语： Children at play seldom remember what time it is. 作主语补语： That was a nice little chair. 作宾语： They gave him some advice. 作宾语补语： They elected him chairman of the board. 作同位语： Alice, a professor of the department, will be invited to our English evening. 作介词补足成分（即介词宾语）： In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. 作状语和连词： He returned last night. （状语） A photo is taken each time (=whenever) this button is pushed. （连词） She phoned her parents the moment (= as soon as) she reached the hotel. （连词） 2. Number forms of nouns 名词的数 数（Number）是个语法范畴。英语可数名词有单数（singular number）和复数(plural number) 1) Regular and irregular plural （规则复数与不规则复数） The regular is formed by adding –s or –es to the base, while the irregular is formed by changing the internal vowel or by changing the ending of the noun. Irregular plurals also include some words of foreign origin, borrowed from Greek, Latin or French. Their plural forms are known as “foreign plurals”, e.g. basis—bases, criterion—criteria. Some borrowed words have two plural forms: a foreign plural and an English one. e.g. medium—media – mediums For some, their singular and plural number share the same form, A) animal names Singular form and regular plural coexist: Antelope, elk, fish, flounder, herring, reindeer, shrimp （羚羊，麋，鱼，比目鱼，鲱鱼，驯鹿，虾） e.g. He caught several fish/three little fishes. They went catching shrimp/shrimps. I shot two elk/elks. B). Nationality nouns Some words ending in sound /z/ or /s/ use singular form: Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Sinhalese, Vietnamese, Swiss e.g. I am a Chinese. There are four Chinese in the training class. C) Quantitative nouns (hundred/thousand/mil