国际管理教程和案例_PPT_Chapter_5.ppt

International Product Cycle Theory Global competition suggests a drastically shortened life cycle for most products, and no longer permits companies a polycentric, country-by-country approach to international business. A frequently used framework to describe cross-national business practices is the international product cycle theory. According to the theory, changes in inputs and product characteristics toward standardization over time determine an optimal production location at any particular phase of the product’s life cycle. International Product Cycle Theory (cont.) However, three major limitations of the international product cycle theory have to be borne in mind: 1. Increased pace of new product introduction and reduction in innovational lead time, which deprive companies of the age-old polycentric approach to global markets, 2. Predictable sourcing development during the product cycle, which permits a shrewd company to outmaneuver competition, and 3. More active management of locational and corporate resources on a global basis, which gives a company a preemptive first-mover advantage over competition. Emphasis on logistical management of the interfaces of RD, manufacturing, and marketing activities on a global basis – global sourcing strategy Trends in Global Sourcing Strategy Trend 1:?The Decline of the Exchange Rate Determinism of Sourcing Trend 2:?New Competitive Environment Caused by Excess Worldwide Capacity Trend 3:?Innovations in and Restructuring of International Trade Infrastructure Trend 4:?Enhanced Role of Purchasing Managers Trend 5:?Trend toward Global Manufacturing Potential Pitfalls in Global Sourcing Conflict between unification and fragmentation - a close-knit operational strategy with similar foreign units versus a loosely related, highly variegated family of activities. Dilemma revisited in such terms as: “standardization versus adaptation” (1960s) “globalization versus localization” (1970s) “global integration versus local re