力学专业英语03.docVIP

Lesson 3 Torsion of a circular bar Let us consider a bar of circular cross section twisted by couples T acting at the ends. A bar loaded in this manner is said to be in pure torsion. It can be shown from considerations of symmetry that cross sections of the circular bar rotate as rigid bodies about the longitudinal axis, with radii remaining straight and the cross sections remaining circular. Also, if the total angle of twist of the bar is small ,neither the length of the bar nor its radius will change. During torsion there will be a rotation about the longitudinal axis of one end of the bar with respect to the other. For instance, if we consider the left-hand end of the bar as fixed, then the right-hand end will rotate through an angle φ with respect to the left end. At the same time, a longitudinal line on the surface of the bar, such as line nn, will rotate through a small angle to the position nn’. Because of this rotation, a rectangular element on the surface of the bar, such as the element shown in the figure between two cross sections distance dx apart, is distorted into a rhomboid. When a shaft is subjected to pure torsion, the rate of change dφ/dx of the angle of twist is constant along the length of the bar. This constant represents the angle of twist per unit length and will be denoted by θ. Thus, we see that θ=φ/L, where L is the length of the shaft. Then ,the shear strain ? is obtained by. The shear stress τ which act on the sides of the element have the directions shown in Fig . 1. For a linear elastic material, the magnitude of the shear stress is. Equations (1) and (2) relate the strain and stress at the surface of the shaft to the angle of twist per unit length. The state of stress within the interior of the shaft can be determined in a manner similar to that used for the surface of the shaft. Because radii in the cross sections of the bar remain straight and undistorted during twisting, we see that an interior element situated on the surface of an