高等有机课件Chapter 8 Aromatic Substitution, Nucleophilic.pptVIP

Chapter 8 Aromatic Substitution, Nucleophilic It was pointed out that nucleophilic substitutions proceed so slowly at an aromatic carbon that the reactions of Chapter 6 are not feasible for aromatic substrates. There are, however, exceptions to this statement, and it is these exceptions that form the subject of this chapter. Reactions that are successful at an aromatic substrate are largely of four kinds: (1) reactions activated by electron-withdrawing groups ortho and para to the leaving group; (2) reactions catalyzed by very strong bases and proceeding through aryne intermediates; (3) rea