各类错误攻击法.pdf

各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言 1. Survey/Study 调查类逻辑错误 重点中的重点 攻击：样本的质量和数量、采样过程是否科学合理 (1) Procedure A. Selective sample 攻击点：样本选择不随机、不具代表性 攻击技巧：调查对象前一系列限定性定于或修饰词 Argument 3: In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school. B. Quantity of the sample 攻击点：样本数量少，即便有典型性也不能够说明问题 Argument 180: One graduate...another graduate 攻击语言：Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number ofand did so randomly across the entirespectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gaugegenerally. The number of respondents/samples, in itself, does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only, then the results would no doubt suggestOr if,(5000)would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless. (2)Result of the survey A. Do the statistics make any meaning Argument 194 高频题 左右撇子 Argument 14 B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague? 数量多是错，数量少是错，没说数量更是错 标志词： all, many ,a number of, most,绝对化数量 percentage proportion 相对比值 ①攻击“无相对比值” The argument tells us that many (a number of )However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful. ②攻击“无绝对数值” The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of Argument 102 数据含糊的典型代表 C. Respondents 回应者错误 Argument 115 回应者占被调查对象的比例 The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall (3)Who conducted the survey? cross-bencher 中立的 nonaligned The surveyor must be cross-bencher/nonaligned. Argument 179 (4) When was the survey conducted? 在时间轴上，做调查的时间和通过调查得出结论的时间在时间上足够的近。 Argument 36 A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate h ow recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization