糖的消化.ppt

第九章????? 糖代谢Metabolisms of sacchrides 一、糖的消化 （二）主动转运，耗ATP。 第四节 糖的氧化分解 主要途径： 糖酵解 glycolysis 糖有氧氧化Aerobic oxidation 戊糖磷酸途径Pentose phosphate pathway 糖醛酸代谢途径 glucuronate pathway 一、糖酵解 (glycolysis) ① ② ③ ④ 反应1-3 属于起始阶段 PFK-1将葡萄糖导入”酵解专线”,是整个途径中最重要的一个关键酶。在绝大多数细胞中，起始阶段的这组酶都靠近线粒体。HK特异地的结合蛋白与线粒体膜结合，而PFK-1则与靠近线粒体的肌动蛋白细丝相互靠近。这种结合方式使反应很容易从线粒体得到ATP。 ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ 葡萄糖(G) Summary of Energy Relationships for glycolytic pathway * Input = 2 ATP 1. glucose + ATP ? glucose-6-P 2. fructose-6-P + ATP ? fructose 1,6 bisphosphate Output = 4 ATP + 2 NADH 1. 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+? 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 NADH 2. 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 ADP? 2 (3-P-glycerate) + 2 ATP 3. 2 PEP + 2 ADP ? 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP *Net = 2 ATP and 2 NADH Energy Yield From Glycolysis glucose? 6 CO2 = -2840 kJ/mol 2 ATPs produced = 61 kJ/mol glucose Energy yield = 61/2840 = 2% in all: high investment, low output The lactate乳酸, the end product, is exported from the muscle cell and carried by the blood to the liver, where it is reconverted to glucose. 3、 产生含碳的中间产物，为合成反应提 供原料。 Clinical related problems临床相关问题 Lactic acidosis乳酸酸中毒 正常血液中乳酸浓度:1.2mmol/L. 如果乳酸浓度5mmol/L,血液pH下降,为乳酸酸中毒. 乳酸去向:彻底氧化分解,或糖异生gluconeogenesis再生成葡萄糖. 苯乙双胍等药物可抑制糖异生,有诱发乳酸酸中毒的可能性. Pyruvate kinase deficiency丙酮酸激酶缺乏病和溶血性贫血 Pyruvate kinase deficiency→a hemolytic anemia溶血性贫血 Pathophysiology Red blood cells use glycolysis as their sole energy source. In pyruvate kinase deficiency, the last step (phosphoenolpyruvate →pyruvate) of glycolsis is unable to occur. The cells become deficient in energy and unable to maintain the activity of the basolateral基底侧 Na+/K+-ATPase. This will result in an increase in intracellular [Na+] which will cause water to diffuse扩散passively into the red blood cell (RBC) and will lead to swelling. This swelling will lead to lysis of the RB