4代谢工程.ppt

思考题 根据黑曲霉柠檬酸的生物合成途径，要使柠檬酸大量积累，必须解决的两个基本问题是什么？TCA循环在柠檬酸积累中起到哪几方面的调控作用？ CO2固定反应对于提高柠檬酸产率的意义. 比较细菌的酒精发酵和酵母菌的酒精发酵 比较厌氧甘油发酵与好氧甘油发酵的优缺点 说明柠檬酸发酵过程中氧的重要性 * 这是 * - The first stage in the screening for micro-organisms of potential industrial application is their isolation. Isolation involves obtaining either pure or mixed cultures followed by their asessment (vurdering) to determine which carry out the desired reaction of produce the desired product. - Design of isolation procedure; encourage growth of producers or recognition at the isolation stage. In other cases; organisms must be isolated and producers recognised at a subsequent stage. - The diversity of micro-organisms may be exploited (utnyttet) by searching for strains from the natural environment able to produce products of commercial value. 1. The nutritional characteristics of the organism: It is frequently required that a process be carried out using a very cheap medium or a pre-determined one, e.g. the use of methanol as an energy source. These requirements may be met by the suitable design of the isolation medium. 2. The optimum temperature of the organism: the use of an organism having an optimum temperature above 40? considerably reduces the cooling costs of a large-scale fermentation and, therefore, the use of such a temperature in the isolation procedure may be beneficial. 3. The reaction of the organism with the equipment to be employed and the suitability of the organism to the type of process to be used. 4. The stability of the organism and its amenability (mottakelighet) to genetic manipulation. 5. The productivity of the organism, measured in its ability to convert substrate into product and to give a high yield of product per unit time. 6. The ease of product recovery from the culture. Before the process may be put into commercial operation, the toxicity of the product and the organism has to be assessed (vurdert). Some organisms may produce toxic substanses which leads to cell death. Economy; com